## Förster-resonance-energy transfer (FRET)

Also contains definition of: dipole–dipole excitation transfer
https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.FT07381
Non-radiative excitation transfer between two molecular entities separated by distances considerably exceeding the sum of their van der Waals radii. It describes the transfer in terms of the interaction between the transition (dipole) moments of the entities in the very weak dipole-dipole coupling limit. It is a Coulombic interaction frequently called a dipole-dipole coupling. The transfer rate constant from donor to acceptor, kT, is given by $k_{\text{T}} = k_{\text{D}}\left ( \frac{R_{0}}{r} \right )^{6}=\frac{1}{\tau _{D}^{0}}\left ( \frac{R_{0}}{r}\right )^{6}$ where kD and τD0 are the emission rate constant and the lifetime of the excited donor in the absence of transfer, respectively, r is the distance between the donor and the acceptor and R0 is the critical quenching radius or Förster radius, i.e., the distance at which transfer and spontaneous decay of the excited donor are equally probable (kT = kD) (see Note 3). R0 is given by $R_{0} = Const.\left ( \frac{\kappa^{2}\mathit{\Phi}_{D}^{0}J }{n^{4}} \right )^{1/6}$ where κ is the orientation factor, ΦD0 is the fluorescence quantum yield of the donor in the absence of transfer, n is the average refractive index of the medium in the wavelength range where spectral overlap is significant, J is the spectral overlap integral reflecting the degree of overlap of the donor emission spectrum with the acceptor absorption spectrum and given by $J = \int _{\lambda }I_{\lambda}^{D}(\lambda)\epsilon _{A}\left ( \lambda \right )\lambda^{4}\text{d}\lambda$ where IλD(λ) is the normalized spectral radiant intensity of the donor so that ∫(λ)IλD(λ)dλ = 1. ɛA(λ) is the molar decadic absorption coefficient of the acceptor. See Note 3 for the value of Const..
Notes:
1. The bandpass Δλ is a constant in spectrophotometers and spectrofluorometers using gratings. Thus, the scale is linear in @W06659@ and it is convenient to express and calculate the integrals in wavelengths instead of wavenumbers in order to avoid confusion.
2. In practical terms, the integral ∫(λ)IλD(λ)dλ is the area under the plot of the donor emission intensity versus the emission @W06659@.
3. A practical expression for R0 is: $\frac{R_{0}}{\text{nm}} = 2.108 \times 10^{-2}\left \{\kappa^{2}\mathit{\Phi}_{D}^{0}n^{-4}\int _{\lambda} I_{\lambda}^{D}(\lambda)\left [ \frac{\epsilon_{A}(\lambda)}{\text{dm}^{3}\ \text{mol}^{-1}\ \text{cm}^{-1}} \right ]\left ( \frac{\lambda}{\text{nm}} \right )^{4}\text{d}\lambda \right \}^{1/6}$ The orientation factor κ is given by $\kappa = \cos \theta_{\text{DA}} - 3\cos \theta_{\text{D}}\cos \theta_{\text{A}} = \sin \theta_{\text{D}}\sin \theta_{\text{A}}\varphi - 2\cos \theta_{\text{D}}\cos \theta_{\text{A}}$ where θDA is the @A00346@ between the donor and acceptor moments, and θD and θA are the angles between these, respectively, and the separation vector; φ is the @A00346@ between the projections of the transition moments on a plane perpendicular to the line through the centres. κ2 can in principle take values from 0 (perpendicular transition moments) to 4 (collinear transition moments). When the transition moments are parallel and perpendicular to the separation vector, κ2 = 1. When they are in line (i.e., their moments are strictly along the separation vector), κ2 = 4. For randomly oriented @T06460@, e.g., in fluid solutions, κ2 = 2/3.
4. The transfer @Q04988@ is defined as $\mathit{\Phi} _{\text{T}} = \frac{k_{\text{T}}}{k_{\text{D}}+k_{\text{T}}}$ and can be related to the ratior/R0 as follows: $\mathit{\Phi} _{\text{T}} = \frac{1}{1 + \left ( \frac{r}{R_{0}} \right )^{6}}$ or written in the following form:$\mathit{\Phi} _{\text{T}} = 1 - \frac{\tau_{\text{D}} }{\tau_{\text{D}}^{0}}$ where τD is the donor excited-state @L03515@ in the presence of acceptor, and τD0 in the absence of acceptor.
5. FRET is sometimes inappropriately called @F02453@-@R05333@ transfer. This is not correct because there is no fluorescence involved in FRET.
6. Foerster is an alternative and acceptable spelling for Förster.
Source:
PAC, 2007, 79, 293. 'Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)' on page 342 (https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200779030293)