A transition that requires the @[email protected] of atoms, ions or molecules in a manner that cannot be accomplished by a cooperative atomic displacement; it may require the movement of atoms, ions or molecules over distances significantly larger than a @[email protected] Example: The transition of @[email protected] (hexagonal sheets of three-coordinated carbon atoms) to @[email protected] (infinite three-dimensional framework of four-coordinated carbon atoms) at high temperature and pressure.