https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.G02572
The gain of a @[email protected] is given by the equation \(G=k\ \sigma ^{n}\), where \(k\) is the efficiency of @[email protected] of photoelectrons on the first dynode, \(\sigma \) is the secondary emission ratio, i.e. the number of secondary electrons emitted for each electron incident on the dynode and \(n\) is the number of dynodes.