https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.S06050
The potential difference \(E_{\mathrm{st}}\) or \(E\) at zero current caused by the flow of liquid under a pressure @[email protected] through a @[email protected], plug or capillary. Identical electrodes must be used on both sides of the @[email protected], plug, etc. \(E\) is positive if the higher potential is on the high pressure side.